---
description: 发布于 2023-06-20
categories:
- study
date: 2023-06-20
slug: general-physics-a2-final-review
title: 普通物理 A2 期末复习
updated: 
tags: 
- study
- general-physics
copyright: false 
---

# 普通物理 A2 期末复习

## 总结

![IMG_1116](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/21/6492bbaa8dbc8.jpg)

![IMG_1117](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/21/6492bba14ec47.jpg)

## 第十章 机械振动和电磁振荡

### 10-1 谐振动

#### 弹簧振子的谐振动

![image-20230616220550369](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6c3f6eb79.png)

#### 位移 速度 加速度

![image-20230616220736290](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6ca8bfbac.png)

![image-20230616220748170](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6cb47fd0d.png)

#### 特征量

![image-20230616220816880](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6cd134a91.png)

![image-20230616220823900](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6cd7db17b.png)

![image-20230616220922465](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6d12e6e62.png)

![image-20230616221036797](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6d5d2216b.png)

#### 旋转矢量法

![image-20230616221142726](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6d9f23681.png)

![image-20230616221153691](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c6daa18955.png)

#### 单摆

![image-20230616224845456](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c7652962cc.png)

#### 能量

![image-20230616225023784](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c76b14985c.png)

#### 题：振动方程

![image-20230618200140291](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648ef22ebbf25.png)

![IMG_1078](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648ef23e4601c.png)

#### 题：振动能量

![image-20230618202721047](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648ef829a9aca.png)

![IMG_1080](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648ef8387b9bb.png)

### 10-5 一维谐振动的合成

#### 同频率的合成

![image-20230616230855070](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c7b07ce7cf.png)

![image-20230616230903196](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/16/648c7b0f7739c.png)

#### 题：振动合成

![image-20230618203406080](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648ef9be7a3fa.png)

![IMG_1082](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648ef9c5c32fc.png)

#### 题：振动合成

![image-20230618203939636](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648efb0c4aea3.png)

![IMG_1083](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648efb1b16ab9.png)

## 第十一章 机械波和电磁波

### 11-1 机械波的产生和传播

#### 条件 特点 几何描述 特征量

![image-20230618204222777](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648efbb2572ae.png)

![image-20230618204238900](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648efbbecd187.png)

### 11-2 平面简谐波的波函数

#### 波函数 物理意义 表示形式

![image-20230618204823572](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648efd17e51c3.png)

![image-20230618204835930](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648efd2407c56.png)

#### 题：波函数

![image-20230618214454041](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f0a568dea0.png)

![IMG_1084](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f0c31c5680.png)

#### 题：波函数

![image-20230618215911927](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f0db0a3fa5.png)

![IMG_1085](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f0fb7137fa.png)

![IMG_1086](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f11d4c8ac1.png)

### 11-4 波的能量 波的强度*

#### 波的能量

![image-20230618205859486](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648eff93ee603.png)

#### 波的强度

![image-20230618205931887](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648effb3f1b68.png)

### 11-6 电磁波

#### 性质

![image-20230618210220018](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f005c82d2a.png)

#### 能量*

不要求计算

![image-20230618210257311](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f00817e17d.png)

### 11-7 惠更斯原理

#### 惠更斯原理

![image-20230618210515738](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f010bee181.png)

### 11-8 波的叠加原理 干涉 驻波

#### 波的叠加 干涉

![image-20230618211509303](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f035e3cd44.png)

![image-20230618211522655](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f036cbac18.png)

#### 题：波的叠加

![image-20230619152037322](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649001c894345.png)

答案中2Pi后应加括号

![IMG_1087](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490026988e38.png)

#### 驻波

![image-20230618211757779](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f040835526.png)

![image-20230618211810680](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f0413e8f1b.png)

#### 题：驻波

![image-20230619153310249](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649004b8205c8.png)

![IMG_1088](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649004aa5dcca.png)

#### 半波损失

![image-20230618211917208](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f04560d0d4.png)

![image-20230618211927409](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/18/648f04612527a.png)

## 第十二章 光学

### 12-1 几何光学

#### 薄透镜

薄透镜不会增加额外的光程

![image-20230619153618319](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649005743f00e.png)

### 12-2 相干光

#### 光源 单色光

![image-20230619153810860](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649005e4e4f82.png)

#### 相干光 条件 获得方法

![image-20230619153958026](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490064f9d406.png)

![image-20230619154100896](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490068f153d6.png)

### 12-3 双缝干涉

#### 杨氏双缝干涉

![image-20230619154356307](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490073e9def8.png)

#### 条纹位置

![image-20230619154434365](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490076439919.png)

![image-20230619154533229](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490079f261a2.png)

#### 题：双缝干涉

![image-20230619184516236](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649031bedbd5c.png)

![IMG_1089](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649031c5d5d1d.png)

#### 题：双缝干涉

![image-20230619185257527](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490338b2ea88.png)

![IMG_1090](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649033b03852d.png)

#### 洛埃镜

![image-20230619154713665](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900803dbdbb.png)

### 12-4 光程 光程差

#### 光程

![image-20230619155029547](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649008c76c756.png)

#### 光程差

![image-20230619155044354](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649008d7211b3.png)

#### 题：光程

![image-20230619190717180](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649036e6cc4a0.png)

![IMG_1091](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649036d2c574e.png)

#### 物像之间的等光程性

![image-20230619155205795](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900928bdd4e.png)

#### 反射光的相位突变和附加光程差

![image-20230619155244919](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490094f67ee0.png)

### 12-5 薄膜干涉

![image-20230619155336145](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900981edb99.png)

总结：干涉的明纹光程差 = kλ，暗纹光程差 = (k + 1/2)λ

#### 等倾干涉

![image-20230619155823138](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900aa6eea89.png)

![image-20230619155834552](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900aacd589d.png)

![image-20230619155845805](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900ab7c546b.png)

#### 题：等倾干涉

![image-20230619191936025](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649039c9a4d96.png)

![IMG_1092](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649039bcd8192.png)

#### 题：等倾干涉

![image-20230619192929509](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64903c1b32122.png)

![IMG_1094](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64903c22dd428.png)

#### 增透膜

![image-20230619160022967](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900b1902ef5.png)

#### 高反射膜

![image-20230619160043127](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900b2ce38b1.png)

#### 等厚干涉：劈尖膜

![image-20230619160328878](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900bd370eba.png)

![image-20230619160339932](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900bddda42b.png)

#### 题：等厚干涉

![image-20230619193905969](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64903e5bc8237.png)

![IMG_1096](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64903e650111d.png)

#### 牛顿环

![image-20230619160701268](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900ca797bef.png)

![image-20230619160711660](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900cb16f55d.png)

![image-20230619160720120](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900cb9c8e4e.png)

#### 题：牛顿环

![image-20230619195446008](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649042085a43c.png)

![IMG_1097](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649042176f488.png)

### 12-6 迈克尔逊干涉仪*

#### 迈克尔逊干涉仪

![image-20230619160837841](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900d07eedc5.png)

![image-20230619160849439](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900d13842ad.png)

### 12-7 光的衍射

#### 光的衍射

![image-20230619161049328](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900d8bc626b.png)

#### 菲涅尔衍射*

![image-20230619161408604](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900e5277099.png)

![image-20230619161419693](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900e5dbe852.png)

#### 夫琅禾费衍射*

![image-20230619161538898](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900eacda2e3.png)

#### 惠更斯-菲涅尔原理

![image-20230619161626704](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900ef67d470.png)

### 12-8 单缝的夫琅禾费衍射

#### 单缝衍射

![image-20230619161818717](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900f4cb9e2f.png)

![image-20230619161829864](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900f57b7e78.png)

![image-20230619162006070](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900fb84dfcb.png)

![image-20230619162014421](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64900fc0c3e8a.png)

#### 题：单缝衍射

![image-20230619201659269](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490473cdbde8.png)

![Screenshot_2023_06_19_20_16_14_670_com_zmzx_college_search_edit](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649047448afae.jpg)

#### 题：单缝衍射

![image-20230619202059502](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490482d2120b.png)

![IMG_1098](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490483969d6b.png)

### 12-10 光栅衍射

#### 光栅衍射

![image-20230619162145178](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490101bb534e.png)

![image-20230619162204966](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490102ee3c30.png)

#### 光栅方程

主极大就是各个明条纹

![image-20230619162302600](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490106899990.png)

#### 缺级 最大级次

![image-20230619162707708](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490115d975c1.png)

![image-20230619162715085](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490116488497.png)

#### 光栅光谱

![image-20230619162757839](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490118fa66c6.png)

#### 题：光栅衍射

![image-20230619203646822](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64904be0a755d.png)

![IMG_1099](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64904be9eb9b0.png)

#### 题：光栅衍射 缺级

![image-20230620160927604](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/64915ebac1a64.png)

![IMG_1103](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/64915ec6bed8f.png)

### 12-12 光的偏振

#### 线偏振光

![image-20230619163033838](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490122c06377.png)

#### 自然光

![image-20230619163057028](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64901242c30cd.png)

![image-20230619163109776](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490124fa73db.png)

#### 部分偏振光

![image-20230619163153763](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490127bb12dd.png)

#### 圆偏振光 椭圆偏振光

![image-20230619163224035](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64901299c3e40.png)

![image-20230619163234582](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649012a4688d0.png)

### 12-13 起偏和检偏 马吕斯定律

#### 起偏和检偏

![image-20230619163422424](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64901310600fa.png)

#### 马吕斯定律

![image-20230619163501487](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490133767efb.png)

#### 题：马吕斯定律

![image-20230620161207425](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/64915f59cdd68.png)

![IMG_1104](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/64915f640114c.png)

#### 题：马吕斯定律

![image-20230620161946118](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/649161249d533.png)

![IMG_1105](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/649161453d783.png)

### 12-14 反射和折射时光的偏振

#### 布儒斯特定律

![image-20230619163736569](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649013d263fff.png)

![image-20230619163746007](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649013dc11525.png)

![image-20230619163758514](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649013e84b060.png)

#### 题：布儒斯特定律

![image-20230620162424450](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491623ab1d36.png)

![IMG_1106](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/64916242f255a.png)

## 第四章 相对论基础

### 4-1 狭义相对论基本原理 洛伦兹变换

#### 狭义相对论基本原理

![image-20230619210913074](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490537b3197c.png)

#### 洛伦兹变换

![image-20230619211108042](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649053ee0072e.png)

### 4-2 相对论速度变换*

#### 相对论速度变换公式*

![image-20230619211258125](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490545bba4b4.png)

![image-20230619211314995](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490546c8570d.png)

### 4-3 狭义相对论的时空观

$$
t= \frac{t_0}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}
$$

$$
l= l_0\sqrt{1-\beta^2}
$$

$$
m= \frac{m_0}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}
$$

$$
E_k= mc^2-m_0c^2
$$



#### 同时的相对性

![image-20230619211448347](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649054ca022ed.png)

两事件“同时”发生的时间间隔

![image-20230619211617004](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649055228d9a7.png)

#### 时间延缓 钟慢效应

![image-20230619211730513](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490556c59912.png)

#### 题：钟慢效应

![image-20230620183931859](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/649181e5e6b31.png)

![IMG_1109](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/649181ef7a28e.png)

#### 长度收缩 尺缩效应

![image-20230619211817900](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490559bbaed7.png)

#### 题：尺缩效应

![image-20230620183340200](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491808676244.png)

![IMG_1108](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491808eab342.png)

### 4-4 狭义相对论动力学基础

#### 相对论力学的基本方程

![image-20230619212006942](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490560919005.png)

#### 题：相对论质量

![image-20230620184147708](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491826dc0e9b.png)

![IMG_1110](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491827675c97.png)

#### 题：尺缩效应 相对论质量

![image-20230620184650717](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491839d0d2cb.png)

![IMG_1112](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/649183aae0f2a.png)



#### 质量和能量的关系

![image-20230619212228719](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649056965817f.png)

#### 题：相对论动能

![image-20230620184926638](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491843898375.png)

![Screenshot_2023_06_20_18_49_35_690_com_zmzx_college_search_edit](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/20/6491845ddd1e3.jpg)

#### 动量和能量的关系

![image-20230619212417118](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649057030b84a.png)

## 第十三章 早期量子论和量子力学基础

### 13-1 热辐射 普朗克的能量子假设

#### 辐出度

功率 P = 辐出度 M * 表面积 S

![image-20230619213520455](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490599a636c6.png)

![image-20230619213614969](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649059d1f0623.png)

![image-20230619213629086](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649059dede87f.png)

#### 黑体辐射实验定律

主要看 $M_0(T)=σT^4$ 

![image-20230619214034522](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905ad41cd26.png)

![image-20230619214048056](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905ae254f21.png)

![image-20230619214103265](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905af139484.png)

#### 题：辐出度

![image-20230619215235604](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905da5538b0.png)

![IMG_1100](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905db1ecaa2.png)

#### 普朗克公式*

![image-20230619214226913](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905b4512d89.png)

#### 普朗克的能量子假设

![image-20230619214251560](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905b5e520bd.png)

### 13-2 光电效应 爱因斯坦的光子理论

#### 实验规律

![image-20230619215810419](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905ef427ce4.png)

![image-20230619215822389](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905f000d0de.png)

![image-20230619215834298](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905f0bc471e.png)

![image-20230619215847346](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64905f1880b8f.png)

#### 爱因斯坦的光子理论

![image-20230619220616968](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649060dab74e3.png)

![image-20230619220628535](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649060e643fb1.png)

#### 题：光电效应

![image-20230619222645726](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649065a72a0a9.png)

![IMG_1101](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649065ae5f7c8.png)

#### 光的波粒二象性

![image-20230619222916218](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490663dab70a.png)

![image-20230619222929060](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490664a87211.png)

### 13-3 康普顿效应

#### 康普顿效应

![image-20230619223047428](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64906698b7418.png)

### 13-4 氢原子光谱 玻尔的氢原子理论

#### 里德伯方程

![image-20230619224323747](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490698d44712.png)

![image-20230619224335884](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490699942e57.png)

#### 题：里德伯方程

![image-20230619231159099](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649070406d40f.png)

![IMG_1102](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/6490704bdb473.png)

#### 玻尔的氢原子理论

![image-20230619224429392](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649069cec76a3.png)

![image-20230619224437675](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649069d736d94.png)

#### 能级

$E_n = \frac{E_1}{n^2}$

基态 $E_1 = -13.6 \ eV$

第 1 激发态是 $E_2$

![image-20230619224837783](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64906ac77cb60.png)

#### 玻尔理论的缺陷

只能解释氢原子

![image-20230619225001552](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64906b1e844ce.png)

### 13-5 德布罗意波 微观粒子的波粒二象性

#### 德布罗意波

![image-20230619231442660](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649070e435cc9.png)

#### 题：德布罗意波

![image-20230619232434548](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/64907333e5b23.png)

![Screenshot_2023_06_19_23_25_11_957_com_zmzx_college_search_edit](https://media.opennet.top/i/2023/06/19/649073732b099.jpg)